The case involves the sudden acceleration of a vehicle, making it a very timely topic. On December 11, 1999, Sonya L. Watson was driving her 1995 Ford Explorer with Patricia Carter and two other passengers in the vehicle when she lost control, veered off the interstate, and rolled four times. Carter did not survive the accident and Watson was rendered a quadriplegic. Watson and Carter filed a products liability action against Ford, claiming that the accident occurred because the cruise control system was defective, and that their injuries were enhanced because the seat belts were defective.

At trial (which was conducted in Greenville County, SC), the Plaintiffs presented (and the trial court allowed) three types of evidence that was the subject of Ford’s appeal. First, the Plaintiffs presented testimony of Dr. Antony Anderson, an electrical engineer from the United Kingdom. He opined that electromagnetic interference (“EMI“) took hold of the vehicle’s cruise control system, causing it to suddenly accelerate. Dr. Anderson further testified that Ford could have prevented the accident through an alternative design. Second, the Plaintiffs presented the testimony of Bill Williams, a purported automotive industry veteran, as an expert on cruise control diagnosis. Finally, the Plaintiffs offered evidence of similar accidents involving sudden acceleration in Ford Explorers.

This morning, the South Carolina Supreme Court reversed an $18 million verdict against the Ford Motor Company arising from an automobile accident which killed one passenger and paralyzed the driver. At issue in this products liability case was the cruise control system of a Ford Explorer. The case is Watson v. Ford Motor Co., No. 26786 (S.C. March 15, 2010). In sum, the Supreme Court reversed and accepted Ford’s arguments that the trial court erred in qualifying two of the Plaintiff’s experts (one a cruise control expert, the other an alternative design expert) and by admitting evidence of prior sudden acceleration accidents. We’ll have more on this opinion in the coming days, but for now, you can see the opinion here and some early media coverage here. Authored by Chief Justice Jean Toal, the majority opinion drew one concurring opinion from Justice Costa M. Pleicones (who concurred in the result only).

We here at Abnormal Use are here to help. Over at the Drug and Device Law blog, author David Walk directs his readers’ attention to a new Eighth Circuit case about which he could not fully comment due to his firm’s involvement in that case. In light of that, and in the spirit of blogging collegiality, we thought we would do our own summary and analysis of the new opinion.

The facts are these: Plaintiff feels fine; Plaintiff takes prescription medication to reduce his cholesterol; Plaintiff develops symptoms of pain and fatigue. Such facts do not proof of causation make, the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed. In re Baycol Products Litigation, —F.3d—, No. 08-3524, 2010 WL 711972 (8th Cir. March 3, 2010) [PDF]. In that case, the appellate court upheld summary judgment in favor of the drug-manufacturer defendant. In so doing, it held that the mere fact that a plaintiff developed physical symptoms in the months following his consumption of a defendant’s drug is insufficient to support a medical expert’s opinion that the drug was responsible for the onset of those symptoms.

The plaintiff was prescribed Baycol in February 2001 after being diagnosed with high cholesterol. On March 15 of that year, he began complaining to his doctor of general body pain and fatigue and of localized lower body pain. His complaints continued throughout July of 2001. In August, after taking the drug for approximately five months, the plaintiff discontinued his use of the drug after reading in the newspaper that Bayer had withdrawn Baycol from the market. He thereafter sent a letter to his doctor, in which he opined that Baycol was the cause of his symptoms. A subsequent blood test did reveal that the plaintiff had increased levels of creatine kinase, which is one indication of the presence of myopathy.

The plaintiff filed suit, alleging theories of strict liability, negligence, breach of express and implied warranties, and unjust enrichment. The court noted that it was the plaintiff’s burden, pursuant to his strict liability and negligence claims, to prove causation through the use of a medical expert. He essentially offered two. The first of those was in the form of “various generic causation experts” who would testify that Baycol was capable of causing myopathy. The report of the second expert garnered the most attention from the court. In it, the expert opined in what the court regarded as “conclusory remarks,” that causation was established because: (1) the pain was of new onset; (2) he had no other explanation for the injury; (3) the pain was “reasonably contemporaneous” with the plaintiff’s ingestion of Baycol; and (4) the pain didn’t get worse after he stopped taking the drug.

The court held that such conclusory remarks of “temporal association,” without sufficient evidentiary support, were wholly insufficient to prove that the defendant’s conduct contributed to the plaintiff’s injury. The court upheld entry of summary judgment in favor of Bayer on the basis of the plaintiff’s failure to present competent expert testimony on the issue of causation.

The court’s analysis with regard to these expert witness issues may provide ammunition for defendants during preliminary stages of litigation. It certainly highlights the importance of attacking the sufficiency of expert reports and of demanding competent, factually based testimony that creates triable issues of fact.

Certainly, in our time, we have seen some trial witnesses fare worse than Shep the Wonder Dog, the canine eyewitness depicted above on the cover of the comic book, Mr. District Attorney #53, published way back in 1956. (Click to enlarge the cover and see it in all its glory!). Shep’s tale must be damaging to the defendant, as the bailiff seems posed to pounce upon the accused, who appears to be rising in response to Shep’s expected testimony. You’d think they would at least wait to see how Shep fared on cross before beginning to worry. Is there an optional completeness objection based upon the fact that Shep’s board does not include all 26 letters, thereby limiting his testimony? Rumor has it that Shep was prepared to give an impermissible lay opinion: Evolution provided the defendant with opposable thumbs but not sufficient wits to outsmart a dog. (For a full summary of this issue, see here.).

The Virginian Pilot in Norfolk, Virginia offers this interesting account of how that state’s courts have dealt with one vexatious litigant (who happens to share the name of the main character on a popular NBC sitcom). Says one jurist: “Within the memory of the incumbent judges of this court, the court has so designated only four people over the past fifteen years [as vexatious litigants]. The petitioner is the most persistent and vexatious of the four.”

Just think. This is what they were saying about law school 72 years ago: “American legal education is blind, inept, factory-ridden, wasteful, defective, and empty . . . [I]t blinds, it stumbles, it conveyor belts, it wastes, it mutilates, and it empties.” Karl Llewellyn, On What Is Wrong With So-Called Legal Education, 35 Colum. L. Rev. 651, 653 (1938). Wow.

The South Carolina Bar has joined Facebook.

Only in a nineteenth century marital property case involving the enhancement value of mules would you find a gem like this: “[T]he erratic mule standeth apart, like patience on a monument, smiling at grief.” Stringfellow v. Sorrells, 18 S.W. 689, 689 (Tex. 1891) (quotations omitted). Back then, we suppose everyone knew without being told that the author of the opinion was referencing Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night.

Speaking of Texas, its state bar is sponsoring a contest of interest. Several writers here at Abnormal Use plan to someday write the great American novel, but we fear that such an enterprise might detract from our billable hours. Perhaps the State Bar of Texas has a solution, though, as it has announced what is surely the first 140 Character Novel Writing contest. Inspired by the popularity of Twitter, the competition is open to all lawyers licensed in any state in the United States. (That’s a lot of lawyers.). Check it out:

Ernest Hemingway reportedly considered his best work to be his most succinct — a six-word novel he came up with to settle a bar bet: “For sale: baby shoes, never worn.”

Our contest challenges lawyers to write a short form novel, Twitter-style, in 140 characters or less. All U.S.-licensed attorneys are encouraged to enter.

One grand prize winner will receive an Apple iPad. The grand prize winner and runners-up will receive special recognition at the State Bar of Texas Annual Meeting on June 10, 2010, at a breakfast presentation featuring LexBlog, Inc. CEO and Twitter expert Kevin O’Keefe (@kevinokeefe).

For details, see here. The contest is open until May 1.

The learned intermediary defense appears to be alive and well in the State of Georgia. For years it seems that drug companies have been able to rely on the venerable learned intermediary defense to avoid liability in personal injury cases brought by plaintiffs that have obtained their products through a physician prescription. The defense has recently come under scrutiny in light of the marketing attempts by drug companies that intended to inform the public about their products. The trial lawyers’ bar seems to be asserting that the advertisements by the drug companies are attempts to provide warnings to the public.

Last week the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit considered the defense. In Dietz v. Smithkline Beecham Corp., No. 09-10167, 2010 WL 744273 (11th Cir. March 5, 2010), the court upheld the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the defendant. In Dietz, the plaintiff brought a wrongful death claim in which the surviving spouse claimed that her husband’s suicide was proximately caused by his use of Paxil. Id.at *1. The plaintiff actually brought the claim under three theories: strict liability, negligence and breach of warranty. Id. The defendant raised the learned intermediary defense, an affirmative defense under Georgia law. Id.

The facts in Dietz were that the plaintiff’s husband had visited his family physician with “anxiety, depression, insomnia, and stress, but expressed that he had no suicidal ideation.” Id. His physician prescribed him to take Paxil as well as a sleep aid, Ambien. Id. Eight days after obtaining his prescription and after he began to take the drug, he committed suicide. Id.

The decedent’s family physician testified during a deposition that the decision to treat the decedent with Paxil was an appropriate decision and that even after reviewing the results of an updated prescription information sheet, there was nothing that about the new information that would have made him decide to not prescribe Paxil to the decedent. Id. *2. The Dietz court reviewed the long-standing doctrine of the learned intermediary defense:

[T]he manufacturer of a prescription drug … does not have a duty
to warn the patient of the dangers involved with the product, but instead has a
duty to warn the patient’s doctor, who acts as a learned intermediary between the
patient and the manufacturer. The rationale for the doctrine is that the
treating physician is in a better position to warn the patient than the
manufacturer, in that the decision to employ prescription medication …
involves professional assessment of medical risks in light of the physician’s
knowledge of a patient’s particular need and susceptibilities.

Id. at *1 (internal citations omitted). The court then went on to hold that the plaintiff could not establish that the defendant’s alleged failure to warn the physician about the increased risk of suicide associated with Paxil proximately caused the decedent’s death. Id. at *3. The court’s decision hinged upon the doctor’s testimony that even after reviewing the new prescription drug information sheet and the warnings mandated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, he still would have prescribed the drug. As such, the learned intermediary (decedent’s physician) had an adequate warning and the potential chain of causation proffered by plaintiff was severed.

The social policies underlying strict product liability are best served by extending strict liability to a successor corporation that acquires the business assets and continues to manufacture essentially the same line of products as its predecessor . . . .

Ryan was then forced to argue based on fairness and policy considerations. Ryan had no remedy absent successor liability. The trial court was not persuaded and stated that the product line test was dispositive. Summary judgment for the defendants was granted. Ryan is an interesting case in transactions of asset sales. Look for potential defendants to incorporate purchased products piecemeal, trying to toe the line in taking advantage of the purchased assets while extinguishing successor liability. Plaintiffs would do better to frame these types of issues in terms of being injured by a complicated piece of machinery as a whole, rather than injury occurring due to one particular part of the machinery. Ryan may have been more (or less) fortunate had he been injured by a more integral part of the mixer.

While Kim Gentry was shopping at Petco Animal Supplies, Inc., she picked up a York Peppermint Pattie that was for sale and bit into it. I know what you are all thinking: Yes, it is another issue that candy is sold at Petco and that people eat it in the store. After Ms. Gentry discovered that there was larvae inside the candy, she was treated for food poisoning. Since the event, she had undergone psychological counseling. Gentry filed a lawsuit against the manufacturer, The Hershey Company; the distributor, Liberty Distribution, L.L.C.; and the retailer, Petco, for strict liability, breach of implied and express warranties, negligence, and negligence se.

On Petco’s motion for summary judgment, the Court agreed with Petco on Gentry’s negligence per se claim as Gentry did not point to any statutory provision other than those under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and Tennessee Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, which have been held to have no private action attached. The Court also found that Petco was not liable for strict liability because the applicable statute in Tennessee only permits a strict liability action against a seller when the seller is also the manufacturer or when the manufacturer cannot be located or is insolvent.

This case again shows the importance of expert testimony, as the use of expert testimony was instrumental in absolving Hershey and Liberty from strict product liability. As a result of this decision, Ms. Gentry will be able to present her case on implied warranty and negligence to a jury.

• Northwestern University, at its YouTube account, has begun to post some interesting products liability related videos, including the clip above, which features Katherine R. Latimer of Hollingsworth, LLP discussing “Products Liability Law and Pharmaceuticals”at the Judicial Symposium on The Pharmaceutical Industry, held at Northwestern in May of 2009. Other clips from the conference can be found here, here, here, and here, while the school has also posted an interesting clip of Justice Ruth Bader Ginsberg’s September 2009 visit to the institution.
• Findlaw’s Courtside blog posts this piece about the recent filing of a sudden acceleration lawsuit against Toyota and a Lexus dealer in California. The report includes a copy of the complaint as well as an excerpt of the 911 call at issue.
• In this nice post, The Mac Lawyer alerts us to Tablet Legal, a new blog designed for lawyers using Apple’s new iPad. Last week, the new site’s author concluded that “less functionality in the Ipad is better for lawyers.” The associates writing the posts here at Abnormal Use have requested iPads from their supervising partners, but as of yet, they have received no response. Surely they must have missed that set of emails?
• In a post that ran yesterday, The South Carolina Family Law Blog offers this helpful tip for locating individuals using social media. Says that site’s author: “[I]t is simply amazing sometimes to see the types of information people publish about themselves and their actions on these sites. However, in today’s web-laden society, it’s hard to know where to start looking sometimes to find all of a party’s networks.” Indeed.
• We here at Abnormal Use have no meaningful preference in this weekend’s Academy Awards show. To be honest, we rarely get to the movies these days. But we, like most, are perplexed at the Academy’s decision to nominate ten films for Best Picture as opposed to the usual five. We recoiled in horror and grieved when Quentin Tarantino’s Pulp Fiction lost to Forrest Gump in March of 1995, but we remain unconvinced that Tarantino’s latest effort is worthy of such accolades. Surely Avatar will not prevail over the far, far better Up. Perhaps the Academy members wish to avoid the type of self congratulatory display James Cameron put forth in 1998 when he won for Titanic. Tune in Sunday to see.
• Finally, if you’ll peruse our side bar, you’ll notice a new blogroll dedicated to South Carolina law blogs. Although our central mission at Abnormal Use is to discuss products liability cases, we do like to keep an eye on our local legal blogsophere. Take a look, and let us know if we’ve missed any South Carolina legal blogs of interest.